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Atlas of the Spinal Cord of the Rat, Mouse, Marmoset, Rhesus, and Human
Gulgun Sengul,Charles Watson,Ikuko Tanaka,George Paxinos
Journal of Neurological Sciences , 2012,
Abstract: Atlas of the Spinal Cord of the Rat, Mouse, Marmoset, Rhesus and Human (Sengul, Watson, Tanaka and Paxinos) has now been released by Academic Press Elsevier at Society for Neuroscience Meeting in New Orleans by October 12, 2012. Authored by Gulgun Sengul (Ege University, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey), George Paxinos and Charles Watson (Neuroscience Research Australia) and Ikukuo Tanaka (Metropolitan Instit ute for Neuroscience, Japan) this atlas covers of the spinal cord anatomy of five mammals- rat, mouse, marmoset, rhesus, and human. For each spinal cord segment in each species, this inestimable book offers a half page photograph of a Nissl section and a half page line diagram, plus a group of up to 4 photographs of sectionsfrom the same segment stained with a variety of markers such as AChE, ChAT, NADPHd and others.
Distribution of neurons in functional areas of the mouse cerebral cortex reveals quantitatively different cortical zones
Suzana Herculano-Houzel,Charles Watson,George Paxinos
Frontiers in Neuroanatomy , 2013, DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00035
Abstract: How are neurons distributed along the cortical surface and across functional areas? Here we use the isotropic fractionator (Herculano-Houzel and Lent, 2005) to analyze the distribution of neurons across the entire isocortex of the mouse, divided into 18 functional areas defined anatomically. We find that the number of neurons underneath a surface area (the N/A ratio) varies 4.5-fold across functional areas and neuronal density varies 3.2-fold. The face area of S1 contains the most neurons, followed by motor cortex and the primary visual cortex. Remarkably, while the distribution of neurons across functional areas does not accompany the distribution of surface area, it mirrors closely the distribution of cortical volumes—with the exception of the visual areas, which hold more neurons than expected for their volume. Across the non-visual cortex, the volume of individual functional areas is a shared linear function of their number of neurons, while in the visual areas, neuronal densities are much higher than in all other areas. In contrast, the 18 functional areas cluster into three different zones according to the relationship between the N/A ratio and cortical thickness and neuronal density: these three clusters can be called visual, sensory, and, possibly, associative. These findings are remarkably similar to those in the human cerebral cortex (Ribeiro et al., 2013) and suggest that, like the human cerebral cortex, the mouse cerebral cortex comprises two zones that differ in how neurons form the cortical volume, and three zones that differ in how neurons are distributed underneath the cortical surface, possibly in relation to local differences in connectivity through the white matter. Our results suggest that beyond the developmental divide into visual and non-visual cortex, functional areas initially share a common distribution of neurons along the parenchyma that become delimited into functional areas according to the pattern of connectivity established later.
Venture Capital and Innovation in Europe  [PDF]
George Geronikolaou, George Papachristou
Modern Economy (ME) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/me.2012.34058
Abstract: In this paper we search for evidence signifying whether VC activity is demand or supply stimulated. Namely, we examine whether innovation and entrepreneurship are fostered by Venture Capital (VC) investments or whether innovative entrepreneurship is a precondition of a VC involvement. Based on a European panel of VC investments, we test the direction of causality between VC and innovation (proxied by annual patent applications at the European Patents Office). We present evidence indicating that causality runs from patents to VC suggesting that, in Europe, innovation seems to create a demand for VC and not VC a supply of innovation. In this sense, innovative ideas seem to lack more than funds in Europe. We explain our findings on the basis of information asymmetry issues and irreversibility considerations of VC investments.
The Index of Invariant Subspaces of Bounded below Operators on Banach Spaces  [PDF]
George Chailos
Advances in Pure Mathematics (APM) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/apm.2012.22018
Abstract: For an operator on a Banach space , let be the collection of all its invariant subspaces. We consider the index function on and we show, amongst others, that if is a bounded below operator and if , , then If in addition are index 1 invariant subspaces of , with nonzero intersection, we show that . Furthermore, using the index function, we provide an example where for some , holds .
General Markowitz Optimization Problems  [PDF]
George Stoica
Applied Mathematics (AM) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/am.2012.312A281
Abstract:

We solve two Markowitz optimization problems for the one-step financial model with a finite number of assets. In our results, the classical (inefficient) constraints are replaced by coherent measures of risk that are continuous from below. The methodology of proof requires optimization techniques based on functional analysis methods. We solve explicitly both problems in the important case of Tail Value at Risk.

A Spectral Integral Equation Solution of the Gross-Pitaevskii Equation  [PDF]
George Rawitscher
Applied Mathematics (AM) , 2013, DOI: 10.4236/am.2013.410A3009
Abstract:

The Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE), that describes the wave function of a number of coherent Bose particles contained in a trap, contains the cube of the normalized wave function, times a factor proportional to the number of coherent atoms. The square of the wave function, times the above mentioned factor, is defined as the Hartree potential. A method implemented here for the numerical solution of the GPE consists in obtaining the Hartree potential iteratively, starting with the Thomas Fermi approximation to this potential. The energy eigenvalues and the corresponding wave functions for each successive potential are obtained by a spectral method described previously. After approximately 35 iterations a stability of eight significant figures for the energy eigenvalues is obtained. This method has the advantage of being physically intuitive, and could be extended to the calculation of a shell-model potential in nuclear physics, once the Pauli exclusion principle is allowed for.

Rethinking the Formal Methodology (II): Cognitive Content of Relativity (On the Centenary of General Relativity)  [PDF]
George Kirakosyan
International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics (IJAA) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/ijaa.2016.61004
Abstract: An attempt to epistemological completion of formal-math theories of relativity is presented. Causal interpretations of SR and GR are suggested. The problem to physical gist of gravity is explained as a contradiction of cognition vs. intuition. Gravity phenomena are represented as unexplored peculiarity of basic particles. The gravity constant is deduced from the known parameters of the electron.
Small Scale Contractors in Africa’s Emerging Markets: The Case of South Africa  [PDF]
George Hove
Open Journal of Business and Management (OJBM) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/ojbm.2016.44065
Abstract: In South Africa, the development of Small scale emerging contractors (SSECs) has become vital to bring about economic prosperity and the government has prioritised the advancement of SSECs as the vehicle towards achieving economic growth, development and job creation for previously disadvantaged people. This paper reviewed related construction studies on small scale contractors and highlighted unique roles and challenges as they relate to emerging construction businesses. The paper established that the main challenges affecting SSECs included finance, skills shortage, enabling environment and competition. Based on data analysis, it is imperative for the South African government to develop a clear and more comprehensive small business contracting policies that would enhance growth and profitability of Small scale emerging contractors.
Left Atrial Volume Index in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy—Correlation with Left Ventricular Function  [PDF]
Stanley George
World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases (WJCD) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/wjcd.2016.69035
Abstract: Background: The aim of this study was to determine the relation of left atrial (LA) volume and LA volume index with left ventricular function and to determine the association of duration of symptoms and left atrial volume index in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Materials and Methods: This was an observational, single centre study conducted in India. A total of 50 patients who were admitted to department of cardiology from July, 2008 to February, 2009 with diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy and an ejection fraction of <40% were included. Results: Of the 50 patients, 34 (68%) were males. 27 (54%) patients were in NYHA class II and 23 (46%) patients were in NYHA class III. LA volume was found to be ≥40 ml in all patients. LV function and LA volume were found to be correlated (r = -0.789, p < 0.01). Similarly, there was a correlation between LV function and LA volume index (r = -0.826, p < 0.01). There was no correlation between LA volume index and duration of symptoms (r = 0.04). Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is a strong inverse correlation between LA volume and left ventricular function and also between LA volume index and left ventricular function. The patients with NYHA class III were having larger left atrial volume than those with NYHA class II. Moreover, the duration of symptoms has no correlation with left atrial volume index.
Angiographic Profile and Treadmill Test Relationship of Women with Chest Pain Suggestive of Coronary Artery Disease  [PDF]
Stanley George
World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases (WJCD) , 2017, DOI: 10.4236/wjcd.2017.78021
Abstract: Aim: The aim of present study was to analyze the prevalence and pattern of coronary artery disease (CAD) among women who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) and Treadmill Test (TMT). Methods: A total of 100 consecutive women patients for coronary angiogram were studied at Department of Cardiology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India on over a period of 6 months from February 2008. Total 65 women completed TMT stress test. The patients were subjected to CAG and TMT. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 20.0 software. Results: A total of 100 women patients were included. Among that 66% patients had hypertension and 47% patients had diabetes mellitus. The CAG revealed the presence of 17%, 13% and 15% of single vessel disease, double vessel disease, and triple vessel disease respectively. Vessel involvements were notably higher in positive TMT values during stress test. The sensitivity and specificity of TMT for detecting coronary artery disease in women were 61% and 69% respectively. Conclusion: It is concluded that, the findings of the present study effectively demonstrated higher predictive value of TMT in women with chest pain suggestive of CAD.
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